|
|
|
CAPITALISM: |
|
The Clearest and
Most Comprehensive Contemporary Defense of the Capitalist
Economic System Available |
Literature and Lectures by Edith Packer, George Reisman, and Others |
|
|
|
|
|
THE SYLLABUS FOR THE PROGRAM
UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION
Procapitalist Economic Thought, Past and Present
Pseudoeconomic Thought
Marshallian Neoclassical Economics: The Monopoly Doctrine and Keynesianism
Mathematical Economics
Overview of Capitalism: A Treatise on
Economics
READINGS/TAPES
Reisman, Capitalism, pp. 1–12
Ludwig von Mises, The Historical Setting of the Austrian School of Economics
Ludwig von Mises, Planning for Freedom, 4th ed., pp. 224–280
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Book 4, Chapters 1–8, on the mercantilists, and Chapter 9, on the physiocrats.
Eugen von Böhm--Bawerk, Capital and Interest, Huncke and Sennholz translation, Vol. 1, History and Critique of Interest Theories
A history of economic thought text, simply to
learn which authors came when and, very roughly, what they said. Two possible choices,
neither of which can be recommended strongly, are: Frank A. Neff, Economic Doctrines,
2d ed., and Eduard Heimann, History of Economic Doctrines (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1964).
UNIT 2. ECONOMICS AND CAPITALISM
THE NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMICS
Economics, the Division of Labor, and the Survival of Material Civilization
Further Major Applications of Economics
Solving Politico--Economic Problems
Understanding History
Implications for Ethics and Personal Understanding
Economics and Business
Economics and the Defense of Individual Rights
CAPITALISM
The Philosophical Foundations of Capitalism and Economic Activity
Capitalism and Freedom
Freedom and Government
Freedom as the Foundation of Security
The Indivisibility of Economic and Political Freedom
The Rational Versus the Anarchic Concept of Freedom
The Decline of Freedom in the United States
The Growth of Corruption as the Result of the Decline of Freedom
Capitalism and the Origin of Economic Institutions
Capitalism and the Economic History of the United States
Why Economics and Capitalism Are Controversial
The Assault on Economic Activity and Capitalism
The Prevailing Prescientific Worldview in the Realm of Economics
Economics Versus Unscientific Personal Observations
Economics Versus Altruism
Economics Versus Irrational Self--Interest
Economics Versus Irrationalism
Economics and Capitalism: Science and Value
READINGS/TAPES
Reisman, Capitalism, pp. 15–38
Tape: Reisman, “The Nature and Value of Economics”
Ludwig von Mises, Human Action, pp. 1--10, 279–287, 734–736, 862--885
Ludwig von Mises, Socialism, pp. 395--403, 452--453
Ludwig von Mises, “Economic Teaching at the Universities,” in Planning for Freedom, pp. 161–172
Ludwig von Mises, The Anticapitalistic Mentality
Ludwig von Mises, Epistemological Problems of Economics, pp. 27–30, 99–102
For a firsthand glimpse of what the United States started out to be and for most of its history substantially was: “The Declaration of Independence” and “The Constitution and Bill of Rights of the United States”
For learning the essential meaning and application of America's founding documents: Ayn Rand, “Man's Rights,” “Collectivized Rights,” “The Nature of Government,” and “Government Financing in a Free Society” in Ayn Rand, ed., The Virtue of Selfishness
For an indication of the previous judicial protection of economic freedom and its subsequent loss: Bernard Siegan, Economic Liberties and the Constitution, Chapters 1 and 2
For the essential moral/political meaning of government economic intervention: Frederic Bastiat, The Law
For the essential character of modern intellectual history: Ayn Rand, For the New Intellectual, title essay
For a knowledge of what can and cannot be changed: Ayn Rand, “The Metaphysical Versus the Man--Made” in Ayn Rand, Philosophy: Who Needs It
Ayn Rand, “Faith and Force: The Destroyers of the Modern World” and “Censorship: Local and Express” in Ayn Rand, Philosophy: Who Needs It
Ayn Rand, “The Age of Envy” in Ayn Rand, ed., The New Left: The Anti--Industrial Revolution
For the whole of the underlying philosophy of
capitalism, in the form of the world's most exciting plot novel: Ayn Rand, Atlas
Shrugged
UNIT 3. WEALTH AND ITS ROLE IN HUMAN LIFE
Wealth and Goods
Economics and Wealth
The Limitless Need and Desire for Wealth
Human Reason and the Scope and Perfectibility of Need Satisfactions
Progress and Happiness
The Objectivity of Economic Progress: A Critique of the Doctrines of Cultural Relativism and Conspicuous Consumption
The Objective Value of a Division--of--Labor, Capitalist Society
The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility and the Limitless Need for Wealth
Applications of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility
Resolution of the Value Paradox
Determination of Value by Cost of Production
Determination of Consumer Spending Patterns
Say's Law
“Scarcity” and the Transformation of Its Nature Under Capitalism
Time Preference and the Scarcity of Capital
The Foundations of Time Preference
The Scarcity of Capital
A Word on Capital Accumulation and the Rate of Return
Time Preference, Rationality, and Freedom
Wealth and Labor
The Scarcity of Labor and Its Ineradicability
READINGS/TAPES
Reisman, Capitalism, pp. 39–62
Tape: Reisman, Lecture 1 of 1991 series, “Wealth and Its Role in Human Life”
Tape: Reisman, “Education and the Racist Road to Barbarism”
Ludwig von Mises, Human Action, pp. 11–142
Ayn Rand, “What Is Capitalism?” in Ayn Rand, ed., Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal
On the subject of marginal utility, including its relationship to cost of production: Eugen von Böhm--Bawerk, Capital and Interest, Vol. 2, Book 3, pp. 121--183; “The Ultimate Standard of Value” in Shorter Classics of Böhm--Bawerk; Carl Menger, Principles of Economics.
More on the subject of time preference:
Böhm--Bawerk, Capital and Interest, Vol. 2, pp. 259–273
UNIT 4. NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE ENVIRONMENT
NATURAL RESOURCES
The Limitless Potential of Natural Resources
The Energy Crisis
The Law of Diminishing Returns
The Law of Diminishing Returns and the Limitless Potential of Natural Resources
Diminishing Returns and the Need for Economic Progress
Conservationism: A Critique
THE ECOLOGICAL ASSAULT ON ECONOMIC PROGRESS
The Hostility to Economic Progress
The Claims of the Environmental Movement and Its Pathology of Fear and Hatred
The Actual Nature of Industrial Civilization
The Environmental Movement's Dread of Industrial Civilization
The Toxicity of Environmentalism and the Alleged Intrinsic Value of Nature
The Alleged Pollution of Water and Air and Destruction of Species
The Alleged Threat from Toxic Chemicals, Including Acid Rain and Ozone Depletion
The Dishonesty of the Environmentalists' Claims
The Alleged Threat of “Global Warming”
Why Economic Activity Necessarily Tends to Improve the Environment
The Collectivist Bias of Environmentalism
Environmentalism and Irrational Product Liability
Environmentalism and the Externalities Doctrine
The Economic and Philosophic Significance of Environmentalism
Environmentalism, the Intellectuals, and Socialism
Environmentalism and Irrationalism
The Loss of the Concept of Economic Progress
Irrational Skepticism
The Destructive Role of Contemporary Education
The Cultural Devaluation of Man
READINGS/TAPES
Reisman, Capitalism, pp. 63–120
Tape: Reisman, Lecture 2 of 1991 series: “Wealth and Natural Resources”
Tape: Reisman, “The Toxicity of Environmentalism”
Tapes: Reisman, Lectures 3 and 4 of 1991 series
Ludwig von Mises, Human Action, pp. 654--663
Ludwig von Mises, Socialism, pp. 404–429
Ayn Rand, The New Left: The Anti--Industrial Revolution
Ayn Rand, “The Intellectual Bankruptcy of Our Age” and “Apollo 11” “Who Is the Final Authority in Ethics?” in Ayn Rand, The Voice of Reason
Ayn Rand, “The Establishing of an Establishment” in Ayn Rand, Philosophy: Who Needs It
Jay Lehr, ed., Rational Readings on
Environmental Concerns
UNIT 5. THE DIVISION OF LABOR AND PRODUCTION
The Division of Labor and the Productivity of Labor
The Multiplication of Knowledge
The Benefit from Geniuses
Concentration on the Individual's Advantages
Geographical Specialization
Economies of Learning and Motion
The Use of Machinery
The Division of Labor and Society
Rebuttal of the Critique of the Division of Labor
Universal Aspects of Production
READINGS/TAPES
Reisman, Capitalism, pp. 123–134
Ludwig von Mises, Human Action, pp. 143–193
Ludwig von Mises, Socialism, pp. 289–313
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Book
1, Chapters 1–4
UNIT 6. THE DEPENDENCE OF THE DIVISION OF LABOR ON CAPITALISM I
THE NATURE OF THE DEPENDENCIES
Dependence of the Division of Labor on Private Ownership of the Means of Production
Socialism and Collectivism Versus Economic Planning
Capitalist Planning and the Price System
The Dependence of the Division of Labor on Saving and Capital Accumulation
The Dependence of the Division of Labor on Exchange and Money
The Dependence of the Division of Labor on Economic Competition
The Dependence of the Division of Labor on the Freedom of Economic Inequality
Egalitarianism and the Abolition of Cost: The Example of Socialized Medicine
Government Intervention, Democracy, and the
Destruction of the Individual's Causal Role
READINGS/TAPES
Reisman, Capitalism, pp. 135–151
Ludwig von Mises, Human Action, pp. 194–231, 821–832
Ludwig von Mises, Planning for Freedom, 4th Edition, pp. 36–49
Ayn Rand, “The Meaning of Money,” “`From Each According to His Ability to Each According to His Need,'” and “The Forgotten Man of Socialized Medicine” in Ayn Rand, Atlas Shrugged, reprinted in Ayn Rand, For The New Intellectual
Carl Menger, “The Nature and Origin of
Money,” in Carl Menger, Principles of Economics
ELEMENTS OF PRICE THEORY: DEMAND, SUPPLY, AND COST OF PRODUCTION
The Meaning of Demand and Supply
The Law of Demand
The Concept of Elasticity of Demand
Seeming Exceptions to the Law of Demand
The Derivation of Supply Curves
Limitations of Geometrical Analysis
Confusions Between Supply and Cost
The Circularity of Contemporary Economics'
Concept of Demand
READINGS/TAPES
Reisman, Capitalism, pp. 151–171
Böhm--Bawerk, Capital and Interest, Vol.
2, pp. 207–256; Vol. 3, pp. 78–123
UNIT 7. THE DEPENDENCE OF THE DIVISION
OF LABOR ON CAPITALISM II:
THE PRICE SYSTEM AND ECONOMIC
COORDINATION
UNIFORMITY PRINCIPLES
The Uniformity--of--Profit Principle and Its Applications
Keeping the Various Branches of Industry in Proper Balance
The Power of the Consumers to Determine the Relative Size of the Various Industries
The Impetus to Continuous Economic Progress
Profits and the Repeal of Price Controls
The Effect of Business Tax Exemptions and Their Elimination
Additional Bases for the Uniformity--of--Profit Principle
Permanent Inequalities in the Rate of Profit
The Tendency Toward a Uniform Price for the Same Good Throughout the World
Why the Arab Oil Embargo Would Not Have Been a Threat to a Free Economy
Tariffs, Transportation Costs, and the Case for Unilateral Free Trade
The Tendency Toward Uniform Prices Over Time: The Function of Commodity Speculation
Rebuttal of the Charge That the Oil Shortages
of the 1970s Were “Manufactured” by
the Oil Companies
The Tendency Toward Uniform Wage Rates for Workers of the Same Degree of Ability
Equal Pay for Equal Work: Capitalism Versus Racism
Prices and Costs of Production
READINGS/TAPES
Reisman, Capitalism, pp. 172–201
Tape: Reisman, “The Government Against the Economy,” Lecture 1
Tape: Reisman, “Capitalism: The Cure for Racism”
Ludwig von Mises, Human Action, pp. 232–256, 646–654
Ludwig von Mises, Socialism, pp. 525–543
Ludwig von Mises, Planning for Freedom, pp. 1–17, 108–150
Henry Hazlitt, Economics in One Lesson, Chapters 13–18 and 22
Eugen von Böhm--Bawerk, Capital and Interest, Vol. 2, pp. 168–176, 248–256; Vol. 3, pp. 97–115
John Stuart Mill, Principles of Political Economy, Book 2, Chapter 11, Section 1; Book 3, Chapters 2–4
David Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, Chapters 4 and 30
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Book
1, Chapters 5 and 10
ALLOCATION PRINCIPLES
The General Pricing of Goods and Services in Limited Supply
The Pricing and Distribution of Consumers' Goods in Limited Supply
The Pricing and Distribution of Factors of Production in Limited Supply
The Free Market's Efficiency in Responding to Economic Change
A Rational Response to the Arab Oil Embargo
The Economic Harmonies of Cost Calculations in a Free Market
More on the Response to the Oil Embargo
Appendix to Chapter 6: The Myth of
“Planned Obsolescence”
READINGS/TAPES
Reisman, Capitalism, pp. 201–218
Tape: Reisman, “The Government Against the Economy,” Lecture 2
Ludwig von Mises, Human Action, pp.
257–279, 287–357, 391–397
UNIT 8. THE DEPENDENCE OF THE DIVISION
OF LABOR ON CAPITALISM III:
PRICE CONTROLS AND ECONOMIC CHAOS
PRICE CONTROLS AND SHORTAGES
Price Controls and Inflation
Price Controls No Remedy for Inflation
Inflation Plus Price Controls
Shortages
Price Controls and the Reduction of Supply
The Supply of Goods Produced
The Supply of Goods in a Local Market
The Natural Gas Crisis of 1977
The Agricultural Export Crisis of 1972–73
Price Controls as a Cause of War
The Supply of Goods Held in Storage
Hoarding and Speculation Not Responsible for Shortages
Rebuttal of the Accusation That Producers Withhold Supplies to “Get Their Price”
Price Controls and the “Storage” of Natural Resources in the Ground
The Supply of Particular Types of Labor and Particular Products of a Factor of Production
Price Controls and the Prohibition of Supply
The Destruction of the Utilities and the Other Regulated Industries
Ignorance and Evasions Concerning Shortages and Price Controls
Inflation and the Appearance of High Profits
The Destructionist Mentality
A Defense of Inventory Repricing
The Campaign Against the Profits of the Oil Companies
How the U.S. Government, Not the Oil Companies, Caused the Oil Shortage
The Conspiracy Theory of Shortages
Rebuttal of the Charge That Private Firms
“Control” Prices
READINGS/TAPES
Reisman, Capitalism, pp. 219–238
Tape: Reisman, “The Government Against the Economy,” Lecture 3
Ludwig von Mises, Human Action, pp.
758-769
FURTHER EFFECTS OF PRICE CONTROLS AND SHORTAGES
Consumer Impotence and Hatred Between Buyers and Sellers
How Repeal of Rent Controls Would Restore Harmony Between Landlords and Tenants
The Impetus to Higher Costs
The Administrative Chaos of Price Controls
Chaos in the Personal Distribution of Consumers' Goods
Chaos in the Geographical Distribution of Goods Among Local Markets
Chaos in the Distribution of Factors of Production Among Their Various Uses
Hoarding
Shortages and the Spillover of Demand
Why Partial Price Controls Are Contrary to Purpose
How Price Controls Actually Raise Prices
The Absurdity of the Claim That Price Controls “Save Money”
Applications to Rent Controls
How Repeal of Our Price Controls on Oil
Reduced the Price Received by the Arabs
READINGS/TAPES
Reisman, Capitalism, pp. 238–256
Tape: Reisman, “The Government Against
the Economy,” Lecture 4
UNIVERSAL PRICE CONTROLS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES
The Tendency Toward Universal Price Controls
Universal Price Controls and Universal Shortages
Excess Demand and Controlled Incomes
The Destruction of Production Through Shortages
The Prosperity Delusion of Price Controls: The World War II “Boom”
Socialism on the Nazi Pattern
READINGS/TAPES
Reisman, Capitalism, pp. 256–266
Tape: Reisman, “The Government Against the Economy,” Lecture 5
Ludwig von Mises, Planning for Freedom, pp. 18–35, 72–82
Ayn Rand, “The Roots of War” in Ayn
Rand, ed., Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal
UNIT 9. THE DEPENDENCE OF THE DIVISION
OF LABOR ON CAPITALISM IV:
SOCIALISM, ECONOMIC CHAOS, AND
TOTALITARIAN DICTATORSHIP
THE CHAOS OF SOCIALISM
Socialism
The Essential Economic Identity Between Socialism and Universal Price Controls
The Myth of Socialist Planning—The Anarchy of Socialist Production
The Soviet Quota System
Shortages of Labor and Consumers' Goods Under Socialism
Further Economic Flaws of Socialism: Monopoly,
Stagnation, Exploitation, Progressive Impoverishment
Socialism's Last Gasp: The Attempt to Establish a
Socialist Price System and Why It Is Impossible
THE TYRANNY OF SOCIALISM
The Tyranny of Socialism
The Necessity of Evil Means to Achieve Socialism
The Necessity of Terror Under Socialism
The Necessity of Forced Labor Under Socialism
Forced Labor in the Soviet Union
The Imposition of Forced Labor in the United States
Socialism as a System of Aristocratic Privilege and a Court Society
From Forced Labor to Mass Murder Under Socialism
From Socialism to Capitalism: How to Privatize
Communist Countries
READINGS/TAPES
Reisman, Capitalism, pp. 267–295
Tape: Reisman, “The Government Against the Economy,” Lecture 6
Ludwig von Mises, Human Action, pp. 689–715, 812–820
Ludwig von Mises, Socialism, pp. 1–277, 511–521, 543–592 (Note: pp. 114–142, 196–220, and 516–521
deal specifically with the vital issue of the impossibility of economic calculation under socialism)
Ludwig von Mises, Planning for Freedom, pp. 195–223
Ayn Rand, “The Property Status of Airwaves,” in Ayn Rand, ed., Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal
Henry Hazlitt, The Great Idea; reprinted as Time Will Run Back
F. A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom
UNIT 10. THE INFLUENCE OF THE DIVISION
OF LABOR ON THE INSTITUTIONS
OF CAPITALISM
PRIVATE OWNERSHIP OF THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION
The General Benefit from Private Ownership of the Means of Production
The Benefit of Capital to the Buyers of Products
The Benefit of Capital to the Sellers of Labor
The Direct Relationship Between the General
Benefit from Capital and Respect for the
Property Rights of Capitalists
The Capitalists' Special Benefit from Private Ownership of the Means of Production
Implications for Redistributionism
Destructive Consequences of Government Ownership
Profit Management Versus Bureaucratic Management
The “Successful” Nationalizations of Oil Deposits: A Rebuttal
The General Benefit from the Institution of Inheritance
The Destructive Consequences of Inheritance Taxes
The General Benefit from Reducing Taxes on the “Rich”
Private Ownership of Land and Land Rent
How Private Ownership of Land Reduces Land Rent
Land Rent and Environmentalism
The Violent Appropriation Doctrine
The Demand for Land Reform
Private Property and Territorial Sovereignty
A Defense of Foreign “Exploitation”
of Natural Resources
READINGS/TAPES
Reisman, Capitalism, pp. 296–326
Tape: Reisman, “Everyone's Stake in Capitalism”
Ludwig von Mises, Human Action, pp. 635–645, 804–811
Ludwig von Mises, Socialism, pp. 37–42
Ludwig von Mises, Bureaucracy
Ludwig von Mises, Omnipotent Government
David Ricardo, Principles of Political
Economy and Taxation, Chapter 2
ECONOMIC INEQUALITY
Economic Inequality Under Capitalism
Critique of the Marxian Doctrine on Economic Inequality
Economic Inequality and the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility
Economic Inequality and the Normal Curve
The “Equality of Opportunity” Doctrine: A Critique
Education and the Freedom of Opportunity
Everyone's Interest in the Freedom of Opportunity
ECONOMIC COMPETITION
The Nature of Economic Competition
The Short--Run Loss Periods
The Enemies of Competition as the True Advocates of the Law of the Jungle
Economic Competition and Economic Security
The Law of Comparative Advantage
International Competition and Free Labor Markets
Comparative Advantage Versus the Infant--Industries Argument
How the Less Able Can Outcompete the More Able in a Free Labor Market
The Pyramid--of--Ability Principle
Freedom of Competition and the General Gain from the Existence of Others
The Population Question
Worldwide Free Trade
Free Trade and the Economic Superiority of the United States Over Western Europe
International Free Trade and Domestic Laissez Faire
The Birth Rate
Free Immigration
Refutation of the Arguments Against Free Immigration
Free Immigration and International Wage Rates
Capital Export
The Harmony of Interests in the Face of
Competition for Limited Money Revenues
READINGS/TAPES
Reisman, Capitalism, pp. 326–374
Tape: Reisman, “Why I'm for Free Enterprise”
Ludwig von Mises, Human Action, pp. 664–688, 737–757, 833–866
Ludwig von Mises, Socialism, pp. 281–358, 395–453
Ludwig von Mises, Liberalism
Ayn Rand, “The Moral Meaning of
Capitalism” in Ayn Rand, Atlas Shrugged, reprinted in Ayn Rand, For The New
Intellectual
UNIT 11. MONOPOLY VERSUS FREEDOM OF COMPETITION
THE POLITICAL CONCEPT OF MONOPOLY
The Meaning of Freedom and of Freedom of Competition
High Capital Requirements as an Indicator of Low Prices and the Intensity of Competition
The Political Concept of Monopoly and Its Application
Monopoly Based on Exclusive Government Franchises
Licensing Law Monopoly
Tariff Monopoly
The Monopolistic Protection of the Inefficient
Many Against the Competition of the
More Efficient Few
Monopoly Based on Minimum--Wage and Prounion
Legislation: The Exclusion of the
Less Able and the Disadvantaged
Government--Owned and Government--Subsidized Enterprises as Monopoly
The Antitrust Laws as Promonopoly Legislation
Socialism as the Ultimate Form of Monopoly
Further Implications of the Political Concept of Monopoly: High Costs Rather Than High Profits
Patents and Copyrights, Trademarks and Brandnames, Not Monopolies
All Monopoly Based on Government Intervention; Significance of Monopoly
The Economic Concept of Monopoly
The Alleged Tendency Toward the Formation of a
Single Giant Firm Controlling the
Entire Economic System: A Rebuttal
Incompatibility With the Division of
Labor—Socialism as the Only Instance of Unlimited
Concentration of Capital
Inherent Limits to the Concentration of Capital Under Capitalism
Government Intervention as Limiting the Formation of New Firms
The Incentives for Uneconomic Mergers Provided by the Tax System
In Defense of “Insider Trading”
Economically Sound Mergers
The Trust Movement
The Predatory--Pricing Doctrine
More Than One Firm in an Industry as the Normal Case
“Predatory Pricing” in Reverse: The Myth of Japanese “Dumping”
The Chain--Store Variant of the Predatory--Pricing Doctrine
Contract Pricing
The Predatory--Pricing Doctrine and the Inversion of Economic History
The Myth of Predation With Respect to Suppliers
The Myth of Standard Oil and the South Improvement Company
Marginal Revenue and the Alleged “Monopolistic Restriction” of Supply
Competitors' and Potential Competitors'
Costs—Ultimately, Legal Freedom of Entry—as
Setting the Upper Limit to Prices in a Free
Market
Ricardo and Böhm--Bawerk on Cost of Production Versus the Elasticity of Demand
Pricing Under Patents and Copyrights
Contract Pricing and Radical Privatization
Private Streets
Eminent Domain
Cartels
Cartels and Government Intervention
“Monopoly” and the Platonic Competition of Contemporary Economics
The Doctrine of Pure and Perfect Competition
Implications of Marginal--Cost Pricing
The Alleged Lack of “Price Competition”
A Further Word on Cost of Production and
Prices
READINGS/TAPES
Reisman, Capitalism, pp. 375–440
Tapes: Reisman, Lectures 5 and 6 of 1991 series
Ludwig von Mises, Human Action, pp. 357–391
Ludwig von Mises, Socialism, pp. 361–392
Ayn Rand, “America's Persecuted Minority: Big Business,” “Notes on the History of American Free Enterprise,” and “Patents and Copyrights” in Ayn Rand, ed., Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal
Ayn Rand, “Antitrust: The Rule of
Unreason” in Ayn Rand, The Voice of Reason
To Go to Part 2 of the Program Syllabus, Click Here